Here is the Summary:
- Economy collapsed in 1990s with weather, end of Soviet aid, and bad policy
- 1995, DPRK asks for help..WFP feeds b/n 1/4 and 1/3 of population
- as the state was unable to feed the people, bottom-up marketization grew
- Now there is a revival of the PDS and controls on travel (which were suspended during the famine)
- Grains can no longer be sold at market, and supplies are being seized
- This incentivises farmers to harvest early, hoarding and running secret plots
- A revival of the failed socialist model would not only mark a U-turn in North Korea’s reforms, but would also set the stage for a recurrence of humanitarian problems in the future.